Monday, April 11, 2011

Trouble with Semantics - The Obelus, or Division Symbol: ÷

We've all seen it, and we all know what it means... right?  Commonly referred to as the division symbol, I'm talking about the obelus, ÷.

Now we're used to seeing the obelus in elementary mathematics problems of the form:


No surprises thus far, I hope.  We use this symbol almost interchangeably with the idea of division and it even exists as the symbol on our calculators for the division operation.  When we punch the button on the calculator, though, it will generally display as a solidus (or slash, "/").  The interesting thing to note here is that we treat these as interchangeable symbols, and there should be no reason to think otherwise.

Recently, however, a discussion came on a forum that I frequent focusing on the potential ambiguity of the obelus.  More specifically, a problem was posed.  To what does the following expression reduce?


Too simple, right?  We just use our order of operations, PEMDAS (or BEMDAS), so that it reduces as follows:


Well, here's the interesting part.  We are making the assumption that the obelus is used exactly like the solidus and that it is representing the basic division operation.  To look at why this assumption might not be founded in truth, let's consider the origins of the obelus.

A friend of mine named Adrian, after doing some reaching, found an old German book called Teutsche Algebra by Johann H. Rahn, dated 1659.  It's entirely in German, but the beauty of mathematics is that it's a universal language.  Without being able to read any of the words, I was able to decipher many of the symbols.  It starts with an elementary introduction to the notation to be used in the book, which includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, exponentiation, and of course division.  Interestingly the symbol for exponentiation was a swirl:





At any rate, the obelus is introduced to represent division on page 8.  Previously, the obelus had been used to mark ancient manuscripts that were believed to be corrupt.  As it is used in Teutsche Algebra, however, was the first time it is used in a more modern sense.  There are pages of sample uses for division and all of them are analogous to how it used today.  This is the first known use of the obelus to represent division.

Things get interesting on page 76, however, when the following assertion is made:


For clarity, and since this is provided without context, this can be likened to the following, which is more relate-able:


Now, this clearly doesn't obey the aforementioned order of operation rules, which suggests something about the nature of the obelus as a symbol for division.  As presented here, it is a line operation that divides the expression entirely (without need for parenthesis or bracketing), pun intended.

When presented with  this information, my first instinct was to defend the original answer to the problem above as a more modern interpretation of the obelus symbol.  My thought was that the use of symbols and their inherent interpretations evolve over time.  I considered that parenthesis were not used as a form of grouping, so the inherent system is slightly devolved from what it is today.  Hell, as I mentioned, this text even uses a swirl to indicate exponentiation, and we clearly don't use a swirl anymore.

I was content with this way of looking at the situation until that same friend located a more recent book called A First Book in Algebra, by Wallace C. Boyden, dated 1895.  Adrian's Google-fu is very strong, apparently.  In this text, the following is presented:


Which is clearly aligned with the usage in Teutsche Algebra.  Now, I don't know where this wild-goose-chase will take me next, but it seems that when the obelus is used as a line operation, it splits the line evenly into numerator and denominator, which is removed from my previous assumptions.  Returning to the original problem, then, yields:




So, which is it?  288 or 2?

My TI-84 thinks it's 288, as does Wolfram Alpha.  Now, before you start arguing that Wolfram is the infallible machine that we often assume, check out this result.  My intuition even says that it has to be 288, but my (and mostly Adrian's) research leaves me wondering.  What do you guys think?

I know one thing is for certain... for my own sanity, I will not be using the obelus in my future classrooms.  There's just one thing that bothers me, though:


Um...what does that button do?

Bonus Points: There is a calculation error on page 15 of Teutsche Algebra.  Can you find it?

5 comments:

  1. Great discussion. I feel like this is not so much a matter of right or wrong but an issue of convention. Which is definitely muddled on this point. Need parentheses to make these unambiguous, rather than inferred parentheses. Shudder.

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  2. That's what I was thinking as well. I still stand by not using the obelus in my classroom since it will personally drive me nuts with ambiguity. Cheers.

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  3. Do you feel like the vinculum is less ambiguous?

    Related: 24(div)2(9+3) is up for meme status. http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/48293 Friend was trolling on FB last night about it. Cited this post.

    Whatever that means. Great image (trolled?) of Good Will Hunting.

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  4. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  5. A suggestion: explain converting everything to a single operator by changing each term to the opposite operator and the inverse operand. This would reinforce the concepts of the associative and commutative properties of equality while removing the confusion of ambiguity.

    This will also align with how conventional calculators function as they operate in the order of entry which is analogous to executing operators of the same type from left to right.

    Newer calculators allow the entry of the whole expression which then becomes subject to the Order of Operations programmed into its algorithm.

    Furthermore, this explains why the obelus is used on conventional calculators as it calculates the expression in the order you enter it while newer calculators allow the use of the solidus to accommodate inputting whole expressions using fractions before calculations are executed.

    People seem to misunderstand that Order of Operations is NOT a mathematical concept; it is a syntactic convention. OO is a not a based on a foundation of logic that is universal. It is an agreed upon consensus allowing people to execute expressions in the same order to achieve the same result.

    It becomes less confusing if you bring the expression out of the abstract and into a practical problem.

    8 people are from 2 equally sized families. Each person has 2 arms and 2 legs. How many arms and legs are there in one family?

    8 ÷ 2(2+2)
    8÷2*4
    4*4
    16

    There are 8 arms and legs in a family. If you have 2 people in a family, and they each have 2 arms and 2 legs, how many families are there?

    8 / 2(2+2)
    8 / 2*4
    8 / 8
    1

    In the first example, the obelus is an operator executed on the operands before and after it. This is how conventional calculators work.

    In the second example, the solidus acts as a fraction bar separating the expression into the numerator before it and the denominator after it.

    If all operators are converted to its opposite and the following operand to its inverse, you would have:

    8 * 0.5 * (2+2)
    8 * 0.5 * 4 =
    (8 * 0.5) * 4 = 16 {Assoc. Prop of Eq.
    8 * (0.5 * 4) = 16 {Assoc. Prop. of Eq.
    (8 * 4) * 0.5 = 16 {Comm. Prop. of Eq.

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